Low Protein Diet in CKD Patients at Risk of Malnutrition

LP group patients replaced pasta, bread, biscuits etc. with low protein substitutes. We allowed them to consume more animal products than NP, preferring white meat to red meat and trying to limit cold cuts as much as possible. Furthermore, they were advised to prefer fresh or frozen fish, instead of dried or smoked one as well as to prefer fresh cheeses to seasoned ones. As for legumes, we advised to combine them with bread or normal cereals, for protein complementarity.

NP group was given the indication to try to eat the second dish only once a day or to split the portion of the second plate between lunch and dinner, if they wanted to keep the habit of making the meal complete. It was also given the indication to prefer, among protein sources, those of plant origin. We also indicated to alternate or replace cow's milk with plant substitutes such as: rice, almonds' or oats' drinks. Furthermore, we suggested to prefer white meat and to avoid offal and processed meat. Moreover, we indicated to substitute dried or smoked fish with fresh or frozen one.