The Effect of Opioid-Free Anesthesia in TMJ Surgery

Patients in this group will receive an infusion of lidocaine, ketamine, or dexmedetomidine supplemented with other intravenous analgesics and intravenous and inhaled anesthetics, as needed clinically. This includes administration of 5 mcg/kg/min of ketamine plus 0.5 - 1.0 µg/kg/hr of dexmedetomidine (Precedex) as a continuous infusion, started from induction to stop one hour before surgery is anticipated to end.