Promoting Healthy Families: A Canadian Evaluation

Triple P - level 4 group is a group-based parenting intervention for families with children who exhibit behavioural or emotional difficulties. Group sessions typically focus on topics such as positive parenting, helping children develop, managing misbehaviour, and planning ahead. Practitioners then provide individual feedback on progress using positive parenting strategies and goal setting. Trained practitioners will deliver the program according to the manualized protocol (Turner, Markie-Dadds, \& Sanders, 2010). This will include eight weekly sessions with maximum of 12 parents. The first four sessions will be as group sessions. These four group sessions will be followed by three one-to-one practical and personalised telephone consultations. Finally, there will be one group session, which will complete the programme and parents' contact with the Triple P practitioners. The main aim of this session is to review progress and plan for the future.

Circle of Security - Parenting (COS-P) will be delivered according to the protocol outlined by Cooper, Hoffman and Powell (Cooper et al., 2009). COS-P is a manualized eight-session parent-education group program which has the same broad aims and core components of the COS-Intensive model from which it was developed (i.e., to increase caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness to child cues, empathy for the child by supporting parental reflective functioning, recognition and understanding of child attachment cues, and awareness of the impact of the caregiver's own attachment history on caregiving patterns). The program is led by one or two facilitators and includes 10-12 caregivers. The program uses clinical DVD clips of problematic parent-child interaction and healthy alternatives to illustrate attachment patterns and parenting styles, and to promote group discussion.