3,312
Participants
Start Date
March 29, 2023
Primary Completion Date
July 1, 2026
Study Completion Date
July 1, 2026
Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ)
"The ULEZ comprises a Central London zone, implemented on 8th April 2019, within which polluting vehicles are subject to a charge. Using number plate recognition technology, a daily penalty charge notice is issued for vehicles entering this central zone not meeting the standard of Euro 4 for petrol, Euro 6/VI for diesel, and Euro for motorcycles.~The ULEZ will subsequently be extended to include:~1. In 2020, a London-wide ULEZ for heavy duty vehicles (HDV) within the LEZ boundary (green zone). HDVs not meeting Euro 6 standard will be charged daily.~2. In 2021, an Inner London ULEZ area for all light duty vehicles (LDV) within the boundary of the North and South Circular Roads (yellow zone). Vehicles not meeting the above criteria will be charged daily as for the Central London area."
Queen Mary University of London, London
King's College London
OTHER
University of Edinburgh
OTHER
University of Bedfordshire
OTHER
University of Cambridge
OTHER
University of Southern California
OTHER
Queen Mary University of London
OTHER