Back Squat Exercise Treatment for Low Back Pain: Clinical Trial

"The participants performed the squat and Stiff exercises with the maximum range of motion. In the squats, the knees were completely flirted, even if the participant could not perform the movement with neutral vertebral posture. The heels were also not supported to the ground in some participants due to lack of flexibility. It was instructed that the participants tried to perform the Squats and Stiff keeping the lumbar lordosis neutral, with the best posture they could in all training sessions, but all should perform the exercise with as much range of motion as possible.~The positioning of the feet was also carefully controlled, there was no hip rotation and the distance between the lateral edges of the heels was defined as the distance between the upper iliac spines (EIAS). The direction of the knees was oriented pointing in the direction of the tip of the feet parallel throughout the cycle of the movement."

"The conventional movement technique of the squat exercise was used, in which the participants performed with the range of motion restricted to the neutral vertebral posture, approximately 90º of movement of the knee joint. may increase the range of motion if the lumbar posture did not rectify.~The positioning of the feet in this group was carefully controlled, the participants performed the exercise with the joints of the hips abducted and rotated laterally. Having markings on the ground as a reference, the feet went rotated at 21º and the lateral edge of the heels were moved away from each other, approximately with the biacromial distance. The direction of the knees was oriented pointing in the direction of the tip of the feet throughout the cycle of the movement, aligned to the lateral rotation of the hip. In the first training session, with the aid of a goniometer and metric tape, adhesive marks were placed on the floor to ensure this positioning of the support base."