The Association of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle Function in Taiwan Adult Smokers

The subjects should lie in the supine position on a non-conducting surface for 5 min. 4 surface electrodes with cables will be attached to the right hand and ankle of subjects.

After supine quietly for 20 min, a lead I electrocardiogram will be taken for 5 min.

The participants will squeeze the hand dynamometer as hard as possible with the dominant hand. 3 successive measurements will be taken.

Subjects in sitting position, performing 1 inspiration, then exhale to carbon monoxide meter.

Subjects should be in a sitting position with a nose clip, then perform pulmonary function test. Participants should perform at least 3 acceptable attempts, but no more than 8 attempts in total.

Subject will perform both maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure for 3 times in sitting position with the nose clip.

Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Traditional Chinese version will be adopted. It is a 6-item questionnaire that could help quantify the smoking frequency, amounts, and level of dependence.

Physical activity will be measured by the Chinese Version of the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire. Participants will need to recall the time (hours) they spent in various leisure activities in the past 7 days.

Bruce protocol as the treadmill evaluation protocol will be adopted for cardiopulmonary exercise testing.