Factors Associated with Falling in Parkinson's Disease

"* Age~* Sex~* Height~* Body weight~* Handedness~* Medication use~* Blood pressure~* Global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)~* Fear of falling (Shortened Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale)~* History of falls (number of falls in the past month)~* Time since diagnosis and symptom onset~* Disease severity (UPDRS part III, Hoehn and Yahr)~* Non-motor symptoms (UPDRS part I)~* Motor symptoms (UPDRS part III)~* Motor complications (UPDRS part IV)~* Disease-dominant side (UPDRS part III)~* Freezing of gait (New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire)"

"* Age~* Sex~* Height~* Body weight~* Handedness~* Medication use~* Blood pressure~* Global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment)~* Fear of falling (Shortened Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale)~* History of falls (number of falls in the past month)"

"First, 9 anthropometric measurements will be taken, 39 reflective markers will be placed, and a 6-min practice walking session will be conducted to familiarize participants with self-paced treadmill walking (SPTW). Thereafter, participants will partake in 7 experimental conditions in a (semi-)randomized order:~* 3 min standing~* 3 min standing while answering semi-standardized questions~* 3 min SPTW~* 3 min SPTW while answering semi-standardized questions (SPTW-Q)~* 3 min SPTW while verbally describing a VR environment (SPTW-VR1)~* 6 min SPTW in a VR environment containing freezing of gait provoking elements (SPTW-VR2)"

"* Acoustic analysis (including voice reports and formant analysis), video recording and motor speech profile (including analysis of diadochokinesis, voice, standard syllabic rate, intonation and second formant (F2)).~* Spontaneous speech production will be assessed by answering semi-standardized questions based on the Aachen Aphasia Test and by describing a VR environment projected on a 180-degree cylindrical screen~* The Speech Handicap Index (a 15-item self-reported questionnaire)"

"* Otoscopy~* Tympanometry~* Pure tone audiometry~* Otoacoustic emissions~* Video Head Impuls Test~* Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials~* Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials~* Oculomotor function testing~* Positional testing~* Static visual acuity test~* Dynamic visual acuity test~* Dizziness Handicap Inventory (a 25-item self-assessment inventory)"