Drinking Water Chlorination and Child Survival in Rural Kenya

"Hardware: Chlorine dispensers provided for free at communal water sources, available to households in intervention arm who were and who were not enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study.~Promotion: Local promoters visited compounds enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study at least monthly during the first year and bi-monthly during the second (and last) year to deliver behavior change messages that focused on the treatment of drinking water for all children living in the household. Compounds in intervention villages that were not enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study did not receive such visits. After the completion of the WASH Benefits Kenya study, the NGO Evidence Action conducted educational campaigns to promote the use of dispensers."

"Only households enrolled in the original WASH Benefits study and assigned to the combined WASH and combined WASH + nutrition arms received this intervention.~Hardware: Free child potties, sani-scoop hoes to remove feces from household environments, and new or upgraded pit latrine for each household enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study. Upgrades included structural improvements, plastic slabs, and superstructure improvements. Households in intervention villages not enrolled in the original trial did not receive any hardware.~Promotion: Local promoters visited compounds enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study at least monthly during the first year and bi-monthly during the second (and last) year to deliver behavior change messages that focused on handwashing with soap at critical times around food preparation, defecation, and contact with feces. Compounds in intervention villages that were not enrolled in the original trial did not receive such visits."

"Only households enrolled in the original WASH Benefits study and assigned to the combined WASH and combined WASH + nutrition arms received this intervention.~Hardware: Handwashing dual tippy tap stations, including jugs for clean and for soapy water, for each compound. Handwashing stations were stocked with soap for the duration of the WASH Benefits Kenya study. Compounds in intervention villages who were not enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study did not receive any hardware.~Promotion: Local promoters visited compounds enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study at least monthly during the first year and bi-monthly during the second (and last) year to deliver behavior change messages that focused on the use of latrines for defecation and the removal of human and animal feces from the compound. Compounds in intervention villages that were not enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study did not receive such visits."

"Supplement: Lipid-based Nutrient Supplement (LNS) twice daily from ages 6 to 24 months, among children enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study and for the duration of that study. Children in intervention villages who were not enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study did not receive any supplements.~Promotion: Local promoters visited compounds enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study at least monthly during the first year and bi-monthly during the second (and last) year to deliver the following behavior change messages: (1) practice exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months of age; (2) continue breast feeding with the introduction of LNS; (3) provide your child micronutrient-rich foods and vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; and (4) feed your child at least 2-3 times per day when 6-8 months old and 3-4 times per day when 9-24 months old. Compounds in intervention villages that were not enrolled in the WASH Benefits Kenya study did not receive such visits."