Motor-assisted Cycling and FES Cycling for Postprandial Glucose in Diabetic Patients With ADL Disability

Participants will perform the motor-assisted cycling exercise using a physical therapy bike (RECK; Betzenweiler, Germany). Participants will perform 3×10-min bouts of motor-assisted cycling at the highest tolerable cadence. Before each bout, participants will perform 1-2 minutes of motor-assisted cycling at 5-10 rpm as a warm-up.

"The testing procedures will be identical to that in the motor-assisted cycling visit except for the exercise type. Participants will wear FES cuffs on the upper and lower legs, bilaterally.~. The FES cycling will be performed on the motor-assisted bike using the wearable FES equipment. The purpose of motor-assisted cycling is to provide constant cadence. The Bioness L300 Plus system (Bioness, Valencia, CA) will be worn on the upper and lower legs to stimulates the quadriceps and dorsiflexors muscles during the motor-driven cycling exercise. An embedded gyroscope of the cuff can detect the motion of the lower leg so that the electrical stimulations will be generated at appropriate timing to activate leg muscles during the cycling exercise."