Objective Verification of Physiologic Changes During Accommodation Under Binocular, Monocular, and Pinhole Conditions

: Subjects underwent a basic ophthalmic examination and the accommodative response to refractive stimuli was measured. Refractive stimuli were given at 0.25 diopters (D) (4 m distance), 2D (50 cm), 3D (33 cm), and 4D (25 cm) and stimulation was applied with the eyes in binocular, monocular (dominant eye, non-dominant eye, ipsilateral, and contralateral), and pinhole conditions. In addition, changes in the astigmatic value and direction of the astigmatism axis under binocular stimulus were evaluated.