Dexmedetomidine for Sedation of Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Induction: Dexmedetomidine 1ug/kg infusion for 10 minutes. 5 mg/kg alfentanil (1:10 dilution) slow injection 2 min before complete Dexmedetomidine induction Maintenance: Dexmedetomidine 0.5\~1.4ug/kg/hour infusion±0.2ug/kg/hour to maintain stable vital signs and The Observer Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scale (OAA/S) 3\~2. the infusion rate was increased by 0.2ug/kg/hour if the patient persistently had eye opening, talked, or became irritable and interfered with the procedure. The infusion rate was reduced by 0.2ug/kg/hour, if the following adverse events occurred: hypoxemia (SpO2 \< 90%) or hypotension (mean arterial pressure (MAP) \< 65 mmHg, or systolic blood pressure (SBP) \< 90 mmHg) in any duration

"5 mg/kg alfentanil (1:10 dilution) slow injection 2 min before induction Induction: The initial effect-site concentration (Ce) of propofol was targeted to 2.0 μg/ml for induction (Schneider model of target-controlled infusion (TCI), Injectomat total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) Agilia, Fresenius Kabi, France). If OAA/S did not reach 3 while Ce achieved 2.0 μg/ml, Ce was increased by 0.2 μg/ml every 90 seconds until OAA/S 3\~2.~Maintenance: the Ce was increased by 2.0 μg/mL every 90 seconds if the patient persistently had eye opening, talked, or became irritable and interfered with the procedure. The Ce was reduced by 0.2 μg/ml every 90 seconds, if the following adverse events occurred: hypoxemia (SpO2 \< 90%) or hypotension (mean arterial pressure (MAP) \< 65 mmHg, or systolic blood pressure (SBP) \< 90 mmHg) in any duration."