Simulated Rehearsal for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Using 3-D printing and polymer technology, the investigators' team will construct patient-specific simulated hydrogel models designed from patients' imaging, incorporating the necessary anatomy, physiology, and pathology specific to each patient. These models will be constructed at the Simulation Innovation laboratory within the Department of Urology, University of Rochester. The process involves importing DICOM files of patient participants C.T. scans into 3D processing software, creating virtual models of kidney parenchyma incorporating the kidney, urinary system, stone and abdominal wall. Surgical phantoms are then created using 3D printing and polymer hydrogels, to recreate the entire procedure.

Using 3D printing and polymer technology, the investigators' team will construct a validated generic simulated hydrogel model with a complex kidney stone, incorporating the necessary anatomy, physiology and pathology. These models will be constructed at the Simulation Innovation laboratory within the department of urology at the University of Rochester. Generic models incorporating the kidney, PCS, staghorn stone, abdominal wall, and other relevant anatomical elements (bowel, perinephric fat, solid organs and bony structures) will be constructed. Participants in his group will complete the simulation replicating all steps of the procedure of this ideal training case that is not specific to a particular patient.

Participants recruited to this cohort will only have completed the standard prerequisite simulation training similar to the two other groups (didactic lecture, hands-on simulation training to proficiency and live case observation), that represents the current standard of care. No further simulation would be conducted in participants of this group in addition to the standard.