Neurophysiological and Functional Mechanisms of Motor Control and Learning

tDCS is delivered noninvasively via electrodes applied to the surface of the head, and a mild electrical current is given during motor training.

TMS is delivered noninvasively via a hand-held coil applied to the surface of the head, and a magnetic pulse probes cortical circuitry \[this is not repetitive TMS and so does NOT modulate brain excitability

delivered by briefly turning on and off the stimulator at the beginning of training, which mimics the sensation of true stimulation.