Effects of Patient-Directed Interactive Music Therapy on Sleep, Delirium and Melatonin Levels is Critically Ill Elderly Patients

For the interactive music therapy intervention group, each patient received individual interactive music therapy sessions administered by professional music therapists during daytime; the patient participated in listening to music predetermined based on his/her preference during night time.

For the passive music listening group, each patient participated in music listening during night time without involving in interactive music therapy sessions during daytime.

For the passive earphone use group (control group), each participant used headphone and eye mask without music listening at night time.