An Algorithmic Approach to Ventilator Withdrawal at the End of Life

"Steps and decision trees in the algorithm include in descending order:~Ascertain patient consciousness, perform cuff-leak test, evaluate for indications for pre-medication, select a withdrawal method, assess for respiratory distress with Respiratory Distress Observation Scale, medicate for respiratory distress with morphine, make an extubation decision, ascertain need for continuous morphine, ascertain need for supplemental oxygen, assess for post-extubation stridor, treat post-extubation stridor"