Implementation of Computer-Assisted Intraoperative Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy

Patients receive fluid therapy via a computer-assisted goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) prototype closed-loop (automated) system guided by a cardiac output monitor.

Patients receive fluid management based only on static variables (e.g. arterial pressure, heart rate, CVP, and urine output). This control group (started retrospectively before the first included patient of the closed-loop goal directed fluid therapy group) consists of the same population undergoing the same surgery as the closed-loop GDFT group.