Pre-operative Stress Reduction With Music

Relaxing music, will be played through noise-cancelling headphones during induction of anesthesia. All of the songs used in this study will have \<60 BPM, be instrumental rather than lyrical, and utilize predictable chord progressions. Music will be divided into several themed playlists which will be focused on the type of instruments involved including guitar, steel drum, and piano. The patient will listen to the music through noise-cancelling headphones beginning fifteen minutes prior to induction and ending one minute after intubation.

The patient will wear noise-cancelling headphones beginning fifteen minutes prior to induction and ending one minute after intubation.