Circulatory Management and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Partial Nephrectomy

In addition to routine monitoring, invasive LiDCOrapid is used to monitor MAP, SVV and CI. Intraoperative circulatory management is performed according to the goal-directed principal, i.e., to maintain MAP \> 95 mmHg, SVV \< 6%, and CI 3.0-4.0 L/min/m2, started from renal artery clamping and maintained until the end of surgery. Crystalloid solution is firstly infused to maintain SVV at the target level, dobutamine and/or noradrenaline are then infused to maintain MAP and CI at the target levels.

Routine monitoring is performed, which include invasive blood pressure and urine output. Intraoperative circulatory management is performed according to routine practice, i.e., to maintain blood pressure within 20% from baseline level and urine output \> 0.5 ml/kg/h by infusing crystalloid solution and administering vasoactive drugs when considered necessary.