Hybrid Closure of Congenital Heart Disease

Anaesthesia is maintained by inhaled isoflurane in concentrations 0.7-0.8 % end-tidal with additional sufentanil injected during surgery, as required. During extracorporal circulation patients receive isoflurane via a vaporizer incorporated in the extracorporeal gas supply in the same concentrations.

Hybrid closure of ventricular septal defects through the delivery system without cardiopulmonary bypass by transthoracic minimally invasive small incision.

Surgical closure of ventricular septal defects with cardiopulmonary bypass by routine open thoracotomy.