140
Participants
Start Date
July 31, 1996
Study Completion Date
December 31, 2006
Videotape, routine care, PME instruction
A 40 minute videotape about non-directed, spontaneous pushing and/or a videotape of antenatal perineal massage and pelvic muscle exerise (PME) at intake visit. The control women received routine care and PME instruction at intake visit.
PME practice and record keeping (in diaries)
Non-directed or directed,spontaneous or sustained pushing
Non-directed, spontaneous pushing (experimental group) with perineal massage vs. directed, sustained pushing during delivery.
Data collection
Baseline at 20 weeks gestation; longitudinal at 35 weeks gestation, 6 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum, and 12 months postpartum
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
University of Michigan
OTHER