Cognitive Therapy to Improve Word Finding

"Errorful training condition: Participant saw a picture and named it without any cues. If an error was produced, the cue with the least amount of information was provided (e.g. for pumpkin, pu). Cues with increasing information were provided until the picture was correctly named (e.g. for pumpkin: pump, pumpki, then pumpkin). Once the correct name was provided, the trial ended."

"Errorless learning (EL) condition: Participant saw a picture with its name, and repeated the word. The participant continued to name the picture as the auditory cues provided less and less of the word (e.g. for banana she would hear banan, bana then ba and finally no cue). If an error was produced at any stage, the whole word was presented, the participant repeated it, and the trial ended."