Transition From Acute to Chronic Opioid Use and Chronic Pain

Each patient will be pre-oxygenated receive IV-acetaminophen (1 g), and IV-lidocaine (60 - 100 mg). and dexmedetomidine (12-20 mcg IV) and ketamine (25-50 mcg) prior to intubation. Induction of anesthesia will be achieved with IV-propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg; 150 - 200 mg). Patient air ways will be secured with an intratracheal tube or LMA. Anesthesia will be maintained by either propofol (100 - 150 mcg/kg/hour; TIVA), or sevoflurane (0.5-1 MAC). During surgery, dexmedetomidine and ketamine will be administered as needed. Anesthesia will be maintained by either propofol (100 - 150 mcg/kg/hour; TIVA), or sevoflurane (0.5-1 MAC).

Each patient will be pre-oxygenated receive IV-acetaminophen (1 g), and IV-lidocaine (60 - 100 mg). and fentanyl 50-100 mcg IV prior to intubation. Induction of anesthesia will be achieved with IV-propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg; 150 - 200 mg). Patient air ways will be secured with an intratracheal tube or LMA. Anesthesia will be maintained by either propofol (100 - 150 mcg/kg/hour; TIVA), or sevoflurane (0.5-1 MAC). During surgery, each patient in the opioid group will receive IV-fentanyl (50 - 100 mcg) as needed.