Effects of Resistance and Aerobic Exercises on Walking and Sarcopenic Parameters in Parkinson's Disease

"Participants in this group will receive conventional rehabilitation in combination with supervised treadmill-based aerobic exercise three times per week for 6 weeks. Each exercise session will consist of a 5-minute warm-up, a 15-minute main exercise phase, and a 5-minute cool-down. Walking speed will be individualized based on participant tolerance and progressively increased under clinical supervision. Exercise intensity will be monitored using the modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (scale 6-20).~Weeks 1-2: Main exercise at Borg 10-11 (light-moderate).~Weeks 3-4: Main exercise at Borg 11-12 (moderate).~Weeks 5-6: Main exercise at Borg 12-13 (moderate-high).~Cardiorespiratory responses will be monitored during all sessions, and treadmill speed will be gradually adjusted in accordance with improvements in exercise tolerance while maintaining safety."

Participants in this arm will receive conventional rehabilitation combined with supervised resistance training using elastic bands, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Exercises target major upper- and lower-limb and hip muscles. Each exercise is performed for 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 60-90 seconds rest. Initial band tension is set at the highest tolerable level and progressively increased. The program includes shoulder press, biceps curl, triceps extension, seated leg extension, calf raise, and lateral band walk. All sessions are supervised, emphasizing correct posture, controlled full range of motion, and avoidance of compensatory movements. Patients are guided with verbal and visual cues when necessary.

Participants in this group will receive conventional rehabilitation only, 5 days per week, 1 hour per day, for 6 weeks. The program includes upper and lower limb range of motion exercises, stretching, walking practice, balance and coordination training, proprioceptive exercises, posture correction, obstacle crossing, and turning in place. All sessions are delivered under clinical supervision, with emphasis on correct posture, safety, and full range of motion