Comparing Low-Level Laser and Muscle Energy Techniques in Diabetic Frozen Shoulder

"Participants received LLLT using a gallium-aluminium-arsenide (Ga-Al-As) diode laser device (BTL-5000, UK). The laser operated at a wavelength of 830 nm and a power output of 100 mW. Irradiation was applied at three sites (anterior capsule, posterior capsule, subacromial area) using a stationary-contact technique for 60-90 seconds each, delivering 4 J/cm² per site. Sessions were administered three times weekly for eight weeks.~Conventional Therapy (for both groups):~15 minutes of moist heat (Chattanooga Hydrocollator)~Pendulum exercises~Passive and active-assisted ROM exercises~Isometric strengthening of rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers~Postural correction training"

"Participants received MET for major shoulder muscles (internal/external rotators, flexors, extensors). Each contraction was performed at \~20% of maximum effort, sustained for 10 seconds, followed by 5 seconds relaxation, and then passive stretch to new end range. Three to five cycles per muscle group were performed. Sessions lasted \~20 minutes, three times weekly for eight weeks.~Conventional Therapy (same as Arm A):~15 minutes of moist heat~Pendulum exercises~Passive and active-assisted ROM exercises~Isometric strengthening of rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers~Postural correction training"