Pericapsular Nerve Group Block vs. Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block vs. Caudal Block for Hip Surgeries

"The curvilinear low-frequency (2-5 MHz) ultrasound probe was placed over the line parallel to the inguinal ligament. It was subsequently rotated 45° to identify the anterior inferior iliac spine, the ilio-pubic eminence, and the psoas tendon.~A 22-gauge echogenic needle was inserted in plain to place the tip in musculo-fascial plain between pubic ramus posteriorly and psoas tendon anteriorly, using hydro-dissection technique. Following negative aspiration, a total volume of 0.5 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected."

"The linear ultrasound probe was placed over the inguinal ligament in the sagittal plane, inferomedial to the anterior superior iliac spine. Upon identifying the bow-tie sign formed by the sartorius muscle and the internal oblique muscle by sliding medially and rotating the probe. 22-gauge echogenic needle was introduced 1 cm cephalad to the inguinal ligament to place the needle tip in the space between the internal oblique and iliacus muscles, using the hydro-dissection technique. A total volume of 0.5 mL/kg of bupivacaine 0.25% was injected following negative aspiration."

"After induction of general anesthesia, the patient was placed in the left lateral position with the upper hip flexed at 90° and the lower hip flexed at 45°. The region was then swabbed in a craniocaudal direction with a 70% alcohol solution.~After palpating the landmarks (the upper posterior iliac spine and sacral hiatus from the edges of an equilateral triangle), an epidural puncture was performed in the most proximal region of the sacral hiatus with the needle inclined 45-60° to the skin. While palpating with the index finger of the left hand, a needle was inserted immediately below the spinous process S4. After perforating the membrane, which occludes the sacral hiatus, the needle was advanced no more than 1-3 mm to avoid a bloody puncture or an intrathecal injection. Bupivacaine 0.25% at a dose of 1 ml/kg was injected."