Anesthesia for Percutaneous Kyphoplasty

. In the ESP group, a high frequency linear transducer (HFL50XP, SonoSite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA ) was located vertically approximately 3 cm lateral to the projection point with identification of the spinous process, lamina, transverse process, and the erector spinae muscle. The skin and subcutaneous tissues were infiltrated using 5 mL of 1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride. A 22-G peripheral nerve block needle (50 mm) (SonoTAP, Pajunk, Geisingen, Germany) was inserted in-plane from caudal to cranial between the fascia of the erector spinae muscle and the transverse process under the ultrasound guidance. After hydro-localization using 1 ml of with normal saline, this plane was opened. The same 20 mL mixture of LA was injected after negative aspiration of blood.