Optical Biopsy and Cytological Evaluation for Intrathoracic Lymphadenopathy

All patients undergo white light bronchoscopy after general anesthesia to rule out abnormalities in the lumen and clear the airways. After locating the target lymph node using convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS), the target lymph node is routinely explored using the grayscale, blood flow and elastography modes CP-EBUS. Puncture is performed using a puncture needle under the guidance of CP-EBUS, and then the CLE probe is inserted into the target lymph node through the puncture needle. Sodium fluorescein is intravenously injected before CLE imaging. Under the guidance of CP-EBUS, the CLE probe is slowly moved to examine the target lesion. According to the real-time CLE images, the ideal biopsy location is identified. After the CLE examination is completed, cryobiopsy is performed at the ideal biopsy location confirmed by CLE under the guidance of CP-EBUS. After sampling, ROSE of the samples is performed.