Anesthesia Modality and Oncologic Outcomes in High-Risk NMIBC: A Randomized Trial

A total of 10-12 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine will be administered into the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space using a 25-gauge Quincke spinal needle via an 18-gauge introducer (adjusted by body height). Midazolam (2-5 mg) may be used to decrease anxiety.

Induction will be performed with propofol (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1-2 µg/kg), and anesthesia will be maintained with sevoflurane (1-3 vol %) via a laryngeal mask or endotracheal intubation. Rocuronium (0.5-0.6 mg/kg) will be used for induction, maintenance and occurrence of obturator jerk.