Elucidating Hepatic Metabolism in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

13C-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid breath test to estimate hepatic mitochondrial reductive stress (1 mg/kg body weight; oral dose; study duration 390 min)

15N-ammonium chloride stable isotope test to estimate ureagenesis (20 mg/kg body weight; oral dose; study duration 390 min)

13C-bicarbonate breath test to estimate body bicarbonate pool size and gastric emptying (0.5 mg/kg body weight; oral dose; study duration 390 min)

Deuterated water stable isotope test to estimate hepatic de novo lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis (3 g/kg body water; oral dose; duration: overnight)

A standard 2-hour 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test to assess glucose tolerance and whole body metabolism