Phase I Pilot Study to Evaluate the Anti-glioblastoma Effect of S-Gboxin in Standard Treatment of Glioblastoma/Diffuse Midline Glioma and Response to Treatment (Regardless of Mutation Status)

Gboxin specifically inhibits the growth of human glioblastoma cells but not normal cells. Gboxin rapidly and irreversibly impairs oxygen consumption in glioblastoma cells. Its positive charge for binding to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes is dependent on the proton gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and it inhibits F 0 F 1 ATP synthase activity in tumor cells. S-Gboxin crosses the blood-brain barrier at therapeutically effective concentrations.