Effect of Esketamine and Lidocaine on Postoperative Chronic Pain and Long-term Survival in Patients Undergoing Hepatectomy

In the esketamine-lidocaine group, patients received esketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg) at the induction of anesthesia, followed by the continuous infusion of esketamine (0.02 mg/kg∙h) and lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg∙h) until the end of surgery. Postoperatively, the patients received two pumps. One pump delivered a fixed-rate infusion of lidocaine at 1.0 mg.kg-1.h-1 and esketamine at 0.02 mg.kg-1.h-1 infusion for 72 hours. Another PCIA device contained sufentanil 2 ug/kg, granisetron 12 mg diluted to 200 mL in 0.9 % normal saline.

In the conventional analgesia group, patients received the same volume of normal saline instead of lidocaine and esketamine until the end of surgery. Postoperatively, the paitents received two pumps. One pump was the same volume of normal saline instead of lidocaine and esketamine. Another PCIA device contained sufentanil 2 ug/kg, granisetron 12 mg diluted to 200 mL in 0.9 % normal saline.