Effects of Remote Exercise on Physical Function in Pre-Frail Older Adults

Participants in this group will engage in an eight-week exercise program conducted via video conferencing software. The sessions, which focus on balance, lower limb strength, and gait function, will be held twice weekly for 50 minutes each. Licensed physical therapists will supervise the sessions, and participants will exercise at home, with assistance from caregivers if necessary. The program aims to evaluate the effectiveness of remote exercise interventions in improving physical function and reducing the risk of falls in pre-frail older adults.

Participants in this group will take part in an eight-week in-person exercise program at a senior welfare center. The sessions will be held twice weekly for 50 minutes and will be led by a licensed physical therapist. The exercise program, which includes balance, lower limb strength, and gait training, is identical to that of the remote exercise group, with the primary difference being the mode of delivery (in-person at the welfare center). This group aims to assess the effectiveness of direct supervision in a controlled environment.

Participants in this group will receive educational materials about physical activity, including a booklet and one educational session. They will not participate in any structured exercise program but will be encouraged to maintain their usual activities. The control group serves as a baseline to compare the outcomes of exercise interventions against no structured exercise, focusing on evaluating usual care versus targeted exercise programs.