Transfer Effects of Stationary Bicycle Perturbation Training on Older Adults' Cycling Skills

"The intervention consists of 20 training sessions on the PerStBiRo system (\~ twice a week within 3 months period). Each session lasts for 20 minutes and includes three parts: stage 1) warm up, stage 2) main exercise and stage 3) cool down.~Stage 1 contains 3 minutes of self-paced pedalling with the same bicycle resistance. At Stage 2, the main exercise, all participants will perform a 15-minute hands-free cycling training on the PerStBiRo system with a pulse watch to maintain moderate-intensity training, corresponding to 64-76% of the predicted maximal heart rate (Borg scale 12-14), including cognitive tasks projected at a screen in front of the participant. Stage 3 includes the cool down with 2 minutes of self-paced pedalling without bicycle resistance and cognitive tasks. During the training sessions, all participants will wear a loose safety harness that can arrest falling using the PerStBiRo system, but still allow comfortable pedalling."

Participants of the intervention group will receive a combination of lateral and medial tilting unannounced perturbations during stage 2 of the TSBR training. This will be provided by roll and pitch angles (tilt) balance perturbations that aim to evoke trunk and arm balance recovery responses.