Esketamine and Butorphanol for Post-Lobectomy Pain

In the esketamine combined with butorphanol group (Group BK), patients received an intraoperative intravenous infusion of esketamine (0.3 mg/kg/h) followed by postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) (esketamine 1.5 mg/kg + butorphanol 0.15 mg/kg + azasetron 20 mg).

In the butorphanol group (Group B), patients received an equivalent volume of normal saline intraoperatively and postoperatively received PCIA without esketamine.