Functional Balance Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis

Participants in the intervention group will undergo a multi-component FBI exercise program, both in a lab setting (Study 1) and at home (Study 2), for 2 days/week over 4 months. This evidence-based protocol, previously piloted with chronic stroke patients, older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and pre-frail older adults, focuses on improving physical (endurance, strength, balance, and gait) and cognitive function (processing speed, attention, and memory). The program consists of functional agility, functional strength, dual-task, and vestibular exercises, with each 1-hour session including 10 minutes dedicated to each component. The exercise order will be randomized for each session, preceded by a warm-up with gentle self-stretching exercises.

Participants in the control group will undergo a 4-month lab-based stretching program, with the same frequency and session length as the intervention group (1 hour/session for 2 days/week). The stretching regimen will include progressive stretches targeting upper and lower-limb muscles, core, and back muscles, followed by a 10-minute cool-down comprising relaxation and breathing exercises. These stretches are designed to improve performance in daily living activities. In Study 2, stretching participants will receive a detailed printed exercise manual for home-based training, ensuring consistency with the lab-based program. No additional equipment, such as computers or tablets, is required for the home stretching program.