Long-term Effectiveness of Different Dosage Parameters of Early Powered Mobility Training for Toddlers With Motor Delays

A licensed, independent therapist and caregivers will provide the training program in the public space in the university for a total of 12-week intervention based on ecological and dynamic systems theories. Training will concentrate on building the concept of casual effect on the control system and car motion, practicing goal-oriented driving (e.g., driving 200 meters and reach for a toy or contact with a person, play hide-and-seek) in certain public spaces, including hallways, convenient stores, garden, museum and upper limb use in functional tasks with driving, facilitating hand use in functional tasks for exploration and applying various motor skills for mobility and socialization in natural play session. Every week's treatment program will preplanned and adjusted by the therapist and the caregivers through discussion and clinical observation of participant's performance in the previous session. Participants will continue their regular therapy during the whole study.

A licensed, independent therapist and caregivers will provide the training program in the public space in the university for a total of 24-week intervention based on ecological and dynamic systems theories. Training will concentrate on building the concept of casual effect on the control system and car motion, practicing goal-oriented driving (e.g., driving 200 meters and reach for a toy or contact with a person, play hide-and-seek) in certain public spaces, including hallways, convenient stores, garden, museum and upper limb use in functional tasks with driving, facilitating hand use in functional tasks for exploration and applying various motor skills for mobility and socialization in natural play session. Every week's treatment program will preplanned and adjusted by the therapist and the caregivers through discussion and clinical observation of the participant's performance in the previous session. Participants will continue their regular therapy during the whole study.

The other independent OT will be responsible for providing conventional therapy in the same location as the ROC-Stand training for a total of 24-week intervention based on the developmental and motor learning theories. The goals are to improve certain motor skills or psychosocial skills based on each participant's current developmental stage. The general purpose of the training is to facilitate the developmental scales and improve mobility, socialization, and upper limb use in functional tasks.