A Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Pregnancies

Women diagnosed with Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS) were invited to join the study, providing they had no known systemic diseases (e.g. chronic hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, chronic renal-liver diseases, etc.), autoimmune disorders, multiple pregnancies, or the presence of fetal structural and chromosomal anomalies. They also did not have cholestasis of pregnancy, preterm delivery, or evidence of chronic and active infection.