Efficacy of Manual Therapy Techniques and Electrotherapy Modalities in Individuals With Non-specific Low Back Pain

"Myofascial trigger points are determined and the physiotherapist applies a light and continuous local pressure on them with his/her finger, usually not more than 30 seconds, until the moment of muscle relaxation, and as a result, the pain is expected to decrease to 0 (zero) and he withdraws his finger. He can do 3-5 repetitions until he sees relaxation in the muscle and reduction/disappearance of the pain.~Spinal mobilization is defined as low-speed, non-trust, passive movement within or at the limit of joint range of motion. Mobilization is low-speed, non-trust, passive joint movement.~MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUES The muscle energy technique is a treatment technique that includes alternating periods of resistant muscle contractions and active-assist stretching, mostly used by osteopaths, physiotherapists, and chiropractors."

"TENS TENS is a low-frequency electrical current applied to the stimulation of sensory nerves, used for the inhibition of pain sensation. Pain inhibition of TENS is based on 3 basic mechanisms. These; gate control mechanism (segmental inhibition), release of endogenous opioids and reduction of excitability with repetitive stimulation (inhibition from pattern).~Ultrasound is an effective electrotherapy modality with a deep heating feature. In addition, it has been suggested that the analgesic effect of ultrasound occurs with the stimulation of sensory afferents and the activation of the gate control mechanism in the posterior horn of the spinal cord."