Food Intake and Epigenetic Alteration in the Spermatozoa of Singletons and Twins

Intervention consists of an unprocessed diet meeting the Nordic and Australian Dietary Guidelines for food groups and micronutrients, wherein participants will be supplied with food providing kilocalories (kcal) in accordance with their nutritional needs as calculated based on theSchofield equation based on their weight, activity multiplier, and age at baseline. Almost all food and beverage products provided during this treatment to fall into the category of unprocessed/minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients in accordance with the NOVA classification system.

Intervention consists of a processed diet based on the dietary intake pattern resembling a processed western dietary intake pattern representative of the typical intake pattern of American men aged 19- 50, wherein participants will be supplied with food providing kcals in accordance with their nutritional needs as calculated based on the Schofield equation based on their height, weight, activity multiplier, and age at baseline. Almost all food and beverage products provided during this treatment to fall into the category of processed foods and ultra-processed foods in accordance with the NOVA classification system.

Intervention consists of an unprocessed diet meeting the Nordic and Australian Dietary Guidelines for food groups and micronutrients, wherein participants will be supplied with food providing kilocalories (kcal) in accordance with their nutritional needs as calculated based on theSchofield equation based on their weight, activity multiplier, and age at baseline, plus an excess of 500 kcal per day. Almost all food and beverage products provided during this treatment to fall into the category of unprocessed/minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients in accordance with the NOVA classification system.

Intervention consists of a processed diet based on the dietary intake pattern resembling a processed western dietary intake pattern representative of the typical intake pattern of American men aged 19- 50, wherein participants will be supplied with food providing kcals in accordance with their nutritional needs as calculated based on the Schofield equation based on their height, weight, activity multiplier, and age at baseline, plus an excess of 500 kcal per day. Almost all food and beverage products provided during this treatment to fall into the category of processed foods and ultra-processed foods in accordance with the NOVA classification system.