Clinical Characteristics of People With Long-term Type 1 Diabetes

For each follow-up, the glycated albumin(GA) reflecting glycemic control of the past 2-3 weeks, the glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) reflecting glycemic control of the past 2-3 months, and the advanced glycation end products(AGEs) will be measured.

For each follow-up, fasting and stimulated C-peptide levels will be measured.

Genetic variations of interest will be detected with the blood sample collected at baseline.

For each follow-up, the dietary constitutes for the past 3 days will be recorded.

For each follow-up, the fecal and oral samples will be collected for measurement.

For each follow-up, the serum and urine samples will be collected for measurement.

For each follow-up, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells will be collected for measurement.