Breath Metabolomics of Placebo Effects, a Pilot Study

Cold Pressor Test (CPT): apparatus for the task is a tank of water of temperature of 4 °C (+-0.5 °C), with instruction to immerse the hand until too uncomfortable to continue. A maximum time limit per immersion of 3-5 min is applied. Quantitative measurement can then be made of pain threshold (point first perceived as painful) and tolerance time.

placebo nasal spray containing NaCl solution