The PROGRAM-study: Awake Mapping Versus Asleep Mapping Versus No Mapping for Glioblastoma Resections

During an awake craniotomy, the patient is awake and cooperative during the resection of the tumor while the surgeon uses electro(sub)cortical mapping to prevent damage to eloquent areas.

During asleep mapping under general anesthesia, the surgeon uses electro(sub)cortical mapping with evoked potentials (MEPs, SSEPs or continuous dynamic mapping) to prevent damage to eloquent areas.

During resection under general anesthesia without mapping, the surgeon does not use any intraoperative stimulation mapping techniques to identify eloquent areas.