The Effect of Smoking and Non-surgical Periodontal Treatment on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Cyclophilin A and EMMPRIN Levels

Non-surgical periodontal treatment program was as following: First, motivation and oral hygiene instructions were given to all participants with periodontitis. The modified-Bass tooth brushing technique with a given dentifrice and toothbrush twice a day, and dental flossing/ interdental brushing once a day was advised to all patients with periodontitis. Second, scaling using an ultrasonic device and root planning by hand instruments under local anesthesia was performed.