Overdose Risk Management and Naloxone

At enrollment, participants will complete a detailed survey instrument establishing histories of substance use, naloxone exposure, and other potential barriers to the uptake of naloxone training. Because extant research establishes a clear public health and ethical imperative to provide PWUIO with naloxone, we will also offer all participants training to become naloxone-equipped OD responders at enrollment. We will follow the sample for two years using a mixed-methods approach involving text-message-based exposure tracking, monthly surveys using a state-of-the-art online data collection portal, and a qualitative subsample to ensure that naloxone exposures and changes in OD risk behavior are carefully tracked and contextualized by ethnographic data about the psychosocial and sociocultural mechanisms underlying participant experiences.