Effectiveness of Caudal Epidural Block on Intraoperative Blood Loss During Hypospadias Repair

Injection of Bupivacaine in the epidural space (0.25%, 0.33mg/Kg)

Induction with thiopental sodium 5 mg/Kg, atracurium 0.4 mg/Kg and fentanyl 2 mcg/Kg and maintenance with isoflurane and a combination of oxygen and nitrous oxide

Injection of 1/100000 epinephrine solution along all incision lines

fentanyl 2 mcg /Kg that is repeated during surgery whenever the heart rate or blood pressure increased more than 20% of its baseline

Four mL/Kg/hr of 5% dextrose plus 0.04 mL/Kg/hr of 20% sodium chloride. Each mL of blood loss was replaced by 3 ml of Ringer's solution

Injection of 0.04 mg/Kg of neostigmine and 0.02 mg/Kg of atropine, intravenously at the end of operation.

Surgical repair of hypospadias, using tubularized incised plate technique