Cardiopulmonary Fitness, Lung Function, Muscular Oxygen Saturation, and Quality of Life in T1DM

subjects will sit on the ergometer, resting heart rate and BP will be measured for at least 2 minutes. Before testing, each participant will be informed to perform cycling with 0 watt for 2 minutes. Then, exercise testing will be started at 30 watt, and increase 15 watt in male and 10 watt in female every minute until the termination criteria achieved.

"spirometry testing: Each participant will then place mouthpiece in mouth and close lips around the mouthpiece. Participants will inhale completely and rapidly and then exhale maximally until no more air could be expelled while maintaining an upright position. Values of FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) will be calculated immediately after the exhalation.~single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity: Participants will sit on a firm and nose clips will then be attached and mouthpiece be placed in mouth. After participants perform several stable breathes, testing starts with a complete exhalation. Each participant will be instructed to inhale rapidly and completely and then hold for 10 seconds."

assessing quality of life using short-forum 36 (questionnaire)